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{"id":1550,"date":"2021-12-17T09:39:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-17T08:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/pohled.podhrazsky.eu\/subdom\/pohled\/?p=1550"},"modified":"2022-04-28T09:45:13","modified_gmt":"2022-04-28T07:45:13","slug":"konec-infekcniho-mytu-2-cast-jak-se-prenaseji-viry-nikdo-nevi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/pohled.podhrazsky.eu\/subdom\/pohled\/konec-infekcniho-mytu-2-cast-jak-se-prenaseji-viry-nikdo-nevi\/","title":{"rendered":"Konec infek\u010dn\u00edho m\u00fdtu \u2013 2. \u010d\u00e1st: Jak se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed \u201eviry\u201c? Nikdo nev\u00ed."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Mike Stone 17. 12. 2021<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159eklad<\/strong> Eva Mertl\u00edkov\u00e1 |<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroj<\/strong><\/a>: VIROLIEGY<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eV publikovan\u00e9 anglicky psan\u00e9 literatu\u0159e jsme nena\u0161li \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed studie na lidech, kter\u00e9<\/strong> by popisovaly p\u0159enos ch\u0159ipky z \u010dlov\u011bka na \u010dlov\u011bka<\/strong>.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cid\/article\/37\/8\/1094\/2013282<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1te na d\u016fkazy (nebo jejich nedostatek) v pr\u016fb\u011bhu minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, zjist\u00edte, \u017ee nejen\u017ee se pravideln\u011b ukazuje, \u017ee \u201eviry\u201c nelze p\u0159en\u00e9st z \u010dlov\u011bka na \u010dlov\u011bka, ale virologov\u00e9 zjevn\u011b nemaj\u00ed pon\u011bt\u00ed, jak se \u201eviry\u201c vlastn\u011b p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed? Maj\u00ed teorie a hypot\u00e9zy o tom, jak jejich neviditeln\u00ed stra\u0161\u00e1ci napadaj\u00ed lidi a maj\u00ed spoustu nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch<\/strong> d\u016fkaz\u016f, pomoc\u00ed kter\u00fdch se sna\u017e\u00ed argumentovat, \u017ee korelace se rovn\u00e1 kauzalit\u011b, ale \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd<\/strong> d\u016fkaz nemaj\u00ed. Studie v\u017edy postr\u00e1daj\u00ed platnou nez\u00e1vislou prom\u011bnnou (tj. purifikovan\u00e9\/izolovan\u00e9 \u201evirov\u00e9\u201c \u010d\u00e1stice), pravideln\u011b obsahuj\u00ed mal\u00e9 velikosti vzork\u016f a neposkytuj\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 platn\u00e9 kontroln\u00ed experimenty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se Big Pharma stala tak vlivnou, \u017ee byla schopna cenzurovat jakoukoli studii vykazuj\u00edc\u00ed negativn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky, bylo publikov\u00e1no mnoho studi\u00ed s v\u00fdsledky, kter\u00e9 vyvracely m\u00fdty o naka\u017elivosti\/infek\u010dnosti, stejn\u011b jako teorie, \u017ee \u201eviry\u201c a bakterie byly p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou nemoci. Tyto studie byly zcela v rozporu s teori\u00ed choroboplodn\u00fdch z\u00e1rodk\u016f a n\u011bkter\u00e9 byly publikov\u00e1ny v\u011bdci, kte\u0159\u00ed byli vlivn\u00ed v oblasti ran\u00e9 virologie. N\u00ed\u017ee je uvedeno jen n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f z po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed a tak\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 modern\u00ed zdroje, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee i dnes z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159enos \u201evir\u016f\u201c nezn\u00e1m\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed informace z tohoto prvn\u00edho zdroje z roku 1923 ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee naka\u017elivost byla st\u00e1le n\u011bco jako m\u00fdtus a \u017ee mnoz\u00ed v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed roli b\u011bhem onemocn\u011bn\u00ed hraje vnit\u0159n\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e1 teplota. Ukazuje tak\u00e9, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 z mnoha p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fdch bakteri\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din nebyla konzistentn\u011b nal\u00e9z\u00e1na u nemocn\u00fdch lid\u00ed a tyto bakterie se pravideln\u011b nach\u00e1zely i u lid\u00ed zdrav\u00fdch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

NACHLAZEN\u00cd: STUDIE CH\u0158IPKY, XIV<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eDruh\u00fdm obecn\u00fdm faktorem, o kter\u00e9m se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee souvis\u00ed s rozvojem nachlazen\u00ed, je \u201an\u00e1kaza\u2018. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve stejn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e jako u jin\u00fdch faktor\u016f zde existuje mo\u017enost p\u0159edpojatosti. Pokud pova\u017eujeme za \u201an\u00e1chyln\u00e9\u2018 ty, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed \u010dasto nachlazen\u00ed, a za \u201aodoln\u00e9\u2018 ty, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou zasa\u017eeni z\u0159\u00eddka, na\u0161e statistiky ukazuj\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost dom\u00e1c\u00edho kontaktu v p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b stejn\u00e9m pom\u011bru v ka\u017ed\u00e9 skupin\u011b. Po\u010det hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch dom\u00e1c\u00edch kontakt\u016f je v\u0161ak mal\u00fd ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s po\u010dtem t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed si nebyli \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho kontaktu v\u011bdomi. Interakce mezi studenty jsou tak b\u011b\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee jednozna\u010dn\u00fd kontakt s jin\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edpady je mo\u017en\u00e9 vysledovat jen z\u0159\u00eddkakdy. V sou\u010dasnosti jsou v\u0161ak jedin\u00fdmi \u00fadaji, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed na naka\u017elivost nachlazen\u00ed, \u00fadaje epidemiologick\u00e9.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eBylo provedeno mnoho studi\u00ed o bakteriologii nachlazen\u00ed. Na\u0161e studie spolu s t\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e byly hl\u00e1\u0161eny z jin\u00fdch laborato\u0159\u00ed, ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee nachlazen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobeno \u0159adou r\u016fzn\u00fdch mikroorganism\u016f, nebo \u017ee virus nachlazen\u00ed doposud laboratorn\u00edm pracovn\u00edk\u016fm unikal.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e1. s\u00e9rie \u2013 Ka\u017edodenn\u00ed zkou\u0161ky byly prov\u00e1d\u011bny u 10 subjekt\u016f od poloviny listopadu do 10. prosince 1920 a u 13 subjekt\u016f od 5. do 26. ledna 1921 podle n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed metody: V\u00fdt\u011bry z nosohltanu byly naneseny na misky s krevn\u00edm agarem. Po 24 a 48 hodin\u00e1ch inkubace byly misky zkoum\u00e1ny a bylo stanoveno p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e9 procento ka\u017ed\u00e9ho typu kolonie. Byly rozezn\u00e1ny \u010dty\u0159i skupiny: (1) organizmy prezentuj\u00edc\u00ed zelenou z\u00f3nu, a\u0165 u\u017e jde o streptokoky nebo pneumokoky; (2) stafylokoky; (3) organismy produkuj\u00edc\u00ed kolonie p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed gramnegativn\u00ed koky, difteroidy atd.; (4) dal\u0161\u00ed z\u0159eteln\u00e9 organismy, jako jsou Pfeifferovy bacily nebo hemolytick\u00e9 streptokoky. Klasifikace koloni\u00ed na misk\u00e1ch byla kontrolov\u00e1na \u010dast\u00fdmi kompletn\u00edmi bakteriologick\u00fdmi studiemi.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eNachlazen\u00ed se b<\/strong>\u011bhem na\u0161eho pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed rozvinulo u 5 ze 13 subjekt\u016f.<\/strong> U dvou z nich se nachlazen\u00ed objevilo dvakr\u00e1t, tak\u017ee celkem bylo 7 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nachlazen\u00ed. Tabulka 13 uv\u00e1d\u00ed zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed u typick\u00e9ho subjektu. V nosohltanu zdrav\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka trvale nep\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 skupina organism\u016f;<\/strong> jeden den p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 jedna skupina, druh\u00fd den jin\u00e1, nebo jedna skupina m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159etrv\u00e1vat n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed v nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm pom\u011bru a pak se relativn\u00ed po\u010dty n\u00e1hle zm\u011bn\u00ed. Tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed p\u0159i nachlazen\u00ed.<\/strong> I kdy\u017e jsou tyto metody z kvantitativn\u00edho hlediska hrub\u00e9, studie poskytuj\u00ed d\u016fkazy o rozmanitosti bakteri\u00ed \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch v nosohltanu b\u011bhem nachlazen\u00ed. Pokud by nachlazen\u00ed zp\u016fsobovala n\u011bkter\u00e1 z t\u011bchto skupin sama o sob\u011b, m\u011bli bychom o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee takov\u00e1 skupina bude trvale p\u0159evl\u00e1dat.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. s\u00e9rie \u2013 Stejn\u00e9 metody byly pou\u017eity p\u0159i studiu mikrofl\u00f3ry u 251 student\u016f na California Institute of Technology, z nich\u017e 69 bylo v dob\u011b vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed nachlazeno. Od ka\u017ed\u00e9ho subjektu byl proveden pouze jeden v\u00fdt\u011br. V\u00fdsledky jsou uvedeny v tabulce 13. Op\u011bt nebyla zji\u0161t\u011bna \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 skupina organism\u016f, kter\u00e1 by byla charakteristick\u00e1 pro nachlazen\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na\u0161e komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed anal\u00fdzy potvrdily v\u00fdsledky z\u00edskan\u00e9 prohl\u00ed\u017een\u00edm misek. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pneumokok typu IV byl p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edm organismem u 3 ze 7 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nachlazen\u00ed studovan\u00fdch v 1. s\u00e9rii \u2013 ale u 2 z t\u011bchto subjekt\u016f se n\u00e1m ho b\u011bhem jin\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f onemocn\u011bn\u00ed nepoda\u0159ilo naj\u00edt. Nav\u00edc to \u010dasto byla nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bakterie v nosohltanu zdrav\u00fdch osob.<\/strong> Jedin\u00fdm organismem, kter\u00fd se v s\u00e9rii proveden\u00e9 v Kalifornii objevil mnohem \u010dast\u011bji u lid\u00ed s nachlazen\u00edm ne\u017e u lid\u00ed zdrav\u00fdch, byl Friedlander\u016fv bacil, kter\u00fd byl nalezen u 1\/10 nachlazen\u00ed, ale pouze u l\/25 norm\u00e1ln\u00edch subjekt\u016f.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201e\u0158ada v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f podez\u0159\u00edvala konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed organismy z toho, \u017ee jsou vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm \u010dinitelem. Epidemiologick\u00e9 studie Overtona v Camp Upton uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed pneumokoka. Floyd na\u0161el tento organismus \u010dasto u p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nachlazen\u00ed. Gordon, kter\u00fd pracoval s na\u0161imi studenty z Chicaga, na\u0161el pneumokoky u 35 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nachlazen\u00ed, ale pouze u 21 % zdrav\u00fdch jedinc\u016f. Williams, Nevin a Gurley jej na\u0161li u 39 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nachlazen\u00ed a u 26 % zdrav\u00fdch jedinc\u016f.<\/strong> Gordon tak\u00e9 studoval p\u0159\u00edtomnost pneumokok\u016f u subjekt\u016f, o kter\u00fdch jsme referovali (tabulka 13). Pneumokoky byly opakovan\u011b nalezeny pouze ve 3 p\u0159\u00edpadech t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho nachlazen\u00ed a pouze u 2 z nich nebyl pneumokok p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd p\u0159ed rozvojem nachlazen\u00ed.<\/strong> Gordon dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee pneumokok nachlazen\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e komplikoval, ne\u017e \u017ee by ho zp\u016fsoboval. Cooper, Mishulow a Blanc mezi pneumokoky typu IV izolovan\u00fdmi z nachlazen\u00ed nena\u0161li \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd s\u00e9rologick\u00fd vztah. To je dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkaz, \u017ee tento organismus nen\u00ed etiologick\u00fdm agens.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fkaz, \u017ee streptokoky, stafylokoky nebo gramnegativn\u00ed koky jsou vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed agens.<\/strong> \u017de by byly p\u0159\u00edmo zapojeny Pfeifferovy bacily, je rovn\u011b\u017e nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9. Jordan a Sharp nezjistili mezi kmeny z nachlazen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dnou s\u00e9rologickou identitu a informovali o ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch pokusech p\u0159edej\u00edt nachlazen\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00edm vakc\u00edny, kter\u00e1 tyto organismy spolu s pneumokoky a streptokoky obsahovala.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

SOUHRN<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eStatistick\u00e9 a laboratorn\u00ed \u00fadaje zde prezentovan\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee nachlazen\u00ed nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00fdm typem infekce, a mo\u017en\u00e1 v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech dokonce ani infek\u010dn\u00edm procesem v\u016fbec nen\u00ed.<\/strong> Na vzniku nachlazen\u00ed se nepochybn\u011b pod\u00edl\u00ed \u0159ada faktor\u016f. Na\u0161e d\u016fkazy nepodporuj\u00ed n\u00e1zor, \u017ee nachlazen\u00ed je v\u017edy prim\u00e1rn\u011b zp\u016fsobeno vstupem n\u011bjak\u00e9ho viru zven\u010d\u00ed.<\/strong> Naopak se zd\u00e1, \u017ee nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm faktorem mohou b\u00fdt vnit\u0159n\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00e9 zm\u011bny.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eV\u00fdsledky na\u0161ich laboratorn\u00edch vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed (tabulky 13 a 14) z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti koresponduj\u00ed s t\u011bmi, kter\u00e9 z\u00edskali jin\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci. Nebylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee by b\u011bhem nachlazen\u00ed p\u0159evl\u00e1dal jeden organismus nebo skupina organism\u016f. Ot\u00e1zka konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho infek\u010dn\u00edho viru je tedy st\u00e1le otev\u0159en\u00e1.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Click to access 30083102.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
U nemocn\u00fdch nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomen ani jeden konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed mikroorganismus, kter\u00fd by nebyl p\u0159\u00edtomen i u lid\u00ed zdrav\u00fdch.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V roce 1937 se Frank MacFarlane Burnet (zn\u00e1m\u00fd z teorie klon\u00e1ln\u00edch selek\u010dn\u00edch protil\u00e1tek) a Dora Lush pokusili nakazit 200 dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f \u201ekmenem ch\u0159ipky Melbourne\u201c. P\u0159\u00edznaky se neobjevily ani u jednoho \u010dlov\u011bka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Virus ch\u0159ipky na vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edm se vaj\u00ed\u010dku: VII. Protil\u00e1tky experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch a lidsk\u00fdch s\u00e9r<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eB\u011bhem podzimu 1937 bylo takto inokulov\u00e1no asi 200 jedinc\u016f, aby se zjistilo, zda je mo\u017en\u00e9 t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem poskytnout ochranu p\u0159ed klinickou ch\u0159ipkou. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy o symptomech, kter\u00e9 by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159ipsat inokulaci, nebyly hl\u00e1\u0161eny<\/strong>, tak\u017ee lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee virus adaptovan\u00fd na vejce ztratil svou patogenitu pro \u010dlov\u011bka stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem jako pro fretky (Burnet, 1937a). Proto\u017ee se v Melbourne b\u011bhem zimy neobjevila \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 ch\u0159ipka, nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o ochran\u011b.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2065253\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Propaganda o tom, jak se \u010dlov\u011bk M\u016e\u017dE nakazit pta\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipkou.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V roce 2008 byla publikov\u00e1na p\u0159ehledov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce o epidemiologii ch\u0159ipky, kter\u00e1 obsahovala n\u011bkter\u00e9 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 zaj\u00edmavosti\/z\u00e1v\u011bry o ch\u0159ipce a o neschopnosti v pr\u016fb\u011bhu desetilet\u00ed prok\u00e1zat d\u016fkazy o p\u0159enosu takzvan\u00e9ho \u201ech\u0159ipkov\u00e9ho viru\u201c z \u010dlov\u011bka na \u010dlov\u011bka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K epidemiologii ch\u0159ipky<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eOsmou z\u00e1hadou, kterou se v\u0161ak Hope-Simpson nezab\u00fdval, je p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 procento s\u00e9ronegativn\u00edch dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed infekci bu\u010f unikli, nebo se u nich po experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed aplikaci nov\u00e9ho ch\u0159ipkov\u00e9ho viru objevily jen m\u00edrn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edznaky.<\/strong> Procento subjekt\u016f posti\u017een\u00fdch iatrogenn\u00ed inokulac\u00ed viru ch\u0159ipky pomoc\u00ed aerosolu je men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 50%, a\u010dkoli tyto experimenty z\u00e1vis\u00ed na d\u00e1vce pou\u017eit\u00e9ho viru. Po inhalaci aerosolu A2\/Bethesda\/10\/63 se onemocn\u011bn\u00ed rozvinulo pouze u t\u0159\u00ed z osmi subjekt\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed nem\u011bli \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 protil\u00e1tky z d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby. Intranaz\u00e1ln\u00ed pod\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch divok\u00fdch vir\u016f s\u00e9ronegativn\u00edm dobrovoln\u00edk\u016fm m\u011blo za n\u00e1sledek vznik konstitu\u010dn\u00edch symptom\u016f pouze v 60% p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f. Inokulace<\/strong> virem prase\u010d\u00ed ch\u0159ipky Fort Dix Swine virus (H1N1), o kter\u00e9m se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee je podobn\u00fd viru z roku 1918, nevyvolala u \u0161esti s\u00e9ronegativn\u00edch dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong>, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jeden dobrovoln\u00edk trp\u011bl st\u0159edn\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm, t\u0159i m\u00edrn\u00fdm, jeden velmi lehk\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm a jeden dobrovoln\u00edk neonemocn\u011bl v\u016fbec. Podobn\u00e9 studie proveden\u00e9 Bearem a kol. na dal\u0161\u00edch virech H1N1 zjistily, \u017ee u 46 z 55 p\u0159\u00edmo inokulovan\u00fdch dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f se nerozvinuly \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 konstitu\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edznaky.<\/strong> Pokud je ch\u0159ipka vysoce infek\u010dn\u00ed, pro\u010d p\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 inokulace nov\u00e9ho viru nezp\u016fsobuje u v\u0161ech s\u00e9ronegativn\u00edch dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f stejn\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed?\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201ePo zhodnocen\u00ed nesrovnalost\u00ed spojen\u00fdch s ch\u0159ipkou dosp\u011bl Hope-Simpson k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee epidemiologie ch\u0159ipky neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 vysoce infek\u010dn\u00edmu onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u00edky nekone\u010dn\u00e9mu \u0159et\u011bzci p\u0159enos\u016f z nemocn\u00fdch lid\u00ed na zdrav\u00e9.<\/strong> Dv\u011b ze t\u0159\u00ed nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159ehledov\u00fdch prac\u00ed o epidemiologii ch\u0159ipky uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee se \u201ev\u0161eobecn\u011b akceptuje\u201c<\/strong>, \u017ee ch\u0159ipka je vysoce infek\u010dn\u00ed a opakovan\u011b se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed z nemocn\u00fdch na zdrav\u00e9, ale \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce neposkytuje reference dokumentuj\u00edc\u00ed takov\u00fd p\u0159enos<\/strong>.<\/strong> Gregg v d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ehledov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci tuto \u201ev\u0161eobecn\u011b akceptovanou\u201c teorii tak\u00e9 zopakoval, ale p\u0159itom varoval, \u017ee:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201aN\u011bkter\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed aspekty epidemiologie ch\u0159ipky z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nejasn\u00e9 a kontroverzn\u00ed.<\/strong> Tak z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, jako jak\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed s\u00edly \u0159\u00edd\u00ed vznik a z\u00e1nik epidemi\u00ed, jsou pro virology i epidemiology st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b problematick\u00e9. Nav\u00edc na nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u00farovn\u00edch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v r\u00e1mci komunit, \u0161kol nebo rodin se i prost\u00e1 dynamika zavle\u010den\u00ed viru, jeho v\u00fdskytu, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a zejm\u00e9na p\u0159enosu viru li\u0161\u00ed od epidemie k epidemii, od m\u00edsta k m\u00edstu a zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee nedb\u00e1 na tradi\u010dn\u00ed vzorce chov\u00e1n\u00ed infek\u010dn\u00edch chorob.\u2018<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zpochybnit obecn\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad znamen\u00e1 znovu se zeptat: \u201aCo vlastn\u011b d\u016fkazy ukazuj\u00ed?\u2018 Zeptali jsme se tedy, zda existuj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 kontrolovan\u00e9 studie na lidech, kter\u00e9 se pokou\u0161ely o p\u0159enos ch\u0159ipky z nemocn\u00fdch lid\u00ed na zdrav\u00e9?\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eBridges a kol. v roce 2003 zhodnotili p\u0159enos ch\u0159ipky a zjistili, \u017ee \u201av anglicky psan\u00e9 literatu\u0159e nejsou publikov\u00e1ny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed studie na lidech popisuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159enos ch\u0159ipky z \u010dlov\u011bka na \u010dlov\u011bka. To je v kontrastu s n\u011bkolika elegantn\u00edmi studiemi p\u0159enosu rhinoviru a respira\u010dn\u00edho syncyti\u00e1ln\u00edho viru na lidech\u2026\u2018<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b podle Jordanovy d\u011bsiv\u00e9 monografie o pandemii z roku 1918 bylo v zoufal\u00fdch dnech po pandemii u\u010din\u011bno p\u011bt pokus\u016f demonstrovat p\u0159enos ch\u0159ipky z nemocn\u00fdch lid\u00ed na zdrav\u00e9 a v\u0161echny byly \u201emimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b bezv\u00fdsledn\u00e9\u201c. Jordan uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee ani jedna z p\u011bti studi\u00ed nedok\u00e1zala potvrdit p\u0159enos z nemocn\u00fdch lid\u00ed na zdrav\u00e9, p\u0159esto\u017ee m\u011bli k dispozici mnoho akutn\u011b nemocn\u00fdch pacient\u016f s ch\u0159ipkou, v r\u016fzn\u00fdch st\u00e1di\u00edch nemoci, kte\u0159\u00ed d\u016fkladn\u011b ka\u0161lali, plivali a d\u00fdchali dohromady na v\u00edce ne\u017e 150 zdrav\u00fdch lid\u00ed.\u201c<\/strong>
https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2279112\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Jak se p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed \u201eviry\u201c? Nikdo nev\u00ed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V roce 2018 byl zve\u0159ejn\u011bn p\u0159ehled o r\u016fzn\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch p\u0159enosu respira\u010dn\u00edch \u201evir\u016f\u201c. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci proch\u00e1zej\u00ed mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u201evir\u016f\u201c a sna\u017e\u00ed se ur\u010dit r\u016fzn\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby p\u0159enosu pro ka\u017ed\u00fd z nich, ale je evidentn\u00ed, \u017ee d\u016fkazy jsou bu\u010f extr\u00e9mn\u011b slab\u00e9, nebo zcela chyb\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zp\u016fsoby p\u0159enosu respira\u010dn\u00edch vir\u016f mezi lidmi<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eV\u011bt\u0161ina studi\u00ed o zp\u016fsobech p\u0159enosu mezi lidmi je nepr\u016fkazn\u00e1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Relativn\u00ed v\u00fdznam zp\u016fsob\u016f p\u0159enosu respira\u010dn\u00edch vir\u016f nen\u00ed zn\u00e1m<\/strong>.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eMnoho ohnisek bylo zkoum\u00e1no retrospektivn\u011b za \u00fa\u010delem studia mo\u017en\u00fdch cest p\u0159enosu vir\u016f mezi lidmi. V\u00fdsledky t\u011bchto studi\u00ed jsou \u010dasto nepr\u016fkazn\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 data z kontrolovan\u00fdch experiment\u016f jsou ojedin\u011bl\u00e1.<\/strong> Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed znalosti o zp\u016fsobech p\u0159enosu<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 by mohly b\u00fdt pou\u017eity ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed interven\u010dn\u00edch strategi\u00ed, proto st\u00e1le chyb\u00ed<\/strong>.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Virus spalni\u010dek<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eSpalni\u010dky jsou jednou z nejnaka\u017eliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch virov\u00fdch chorob u lid\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla dlouhou dobu spojov\u00e1na s p\u0159enosem prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm aerosolu. Je v\u0161ak t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee virus spalni\u010dek se tak\u00e9 replikuje syst\u00e9mov\u011b a \u017ee zde hraje roli \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed viru spojen\u00e9 se zbytky mrtv\u00fdch bun\u011bk prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kontaminovan\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f. Koncem 70. a po\u010d\u00e1tkem 80. let data z retrospektivn\u00edch observa\u010dn\u00edch studi\u00ed, z\u00edskan\u00fdch b\u011bhem propuknut\u00ed epidemie v pediatrick\u00e9 praxi, ve \u0161kole a na sportovn\u00ed akci, nazna\u010dovala p\u0159enos prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm aerosol\u016f. Tyto studie ve skute\u010dnosti uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f nikdy nep\u0159i\u0161la do p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho kontaktu s pacientem nula, a n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich dokonce ani nebyly sou\u010dasn\u011b ve stejn\u00e9 oblasti jako pacient nula nikdy p\u0159\u00edtomny.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Virus parainfluenzy a lidsk\u00fd metapneumovirus<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eO zp\u016fsobech p\u0159enosu viru parainfluenzy (typy 1\u20134) a lidsk\u00e9ho metapneumoviru je k dispozici z\u00e1sadn\u00ed nedostatek (experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch) d\u016fkaz\u016f.<\/strong>\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Respira\u010dn\u00ed syncyti\u00e1ln\u00ed virus<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eP\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se<\/strong>, \u017ee k p\u0159enosu respira\u010dn\u00edho syncyti\u00e1ln\u00edho viru mezi lidmi doch\u00e1z\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kap\u00e9nek a kontaminovan\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f<\/strong>.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eVzhledem k tomu, \u017ee nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prok\u00e1zat infek\u010dnost viru, potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159enos respira\u010dn\u00edho syncyti\u00e1ln\u00edho viru vzduchem byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zanedbateln\u00fd a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo se, \u017ee k p\u0159enosu respira\u010dn\u00edho syncyti\u00e1ln\u00edho viru doch\u00e1z\u00ed hlavn\u011b kontaktem a kap\u00e9nkov\u00fdm p\u0159enosem.<\/strong> V ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 studii se v\u0161ak autor\u016fm poda\u0159ilo shrom\u00e1\u017edit aerosoly obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eivotaschopn\u00fd virus ze vzduchu kolem d\u011bt\u00ed infikovan\u00fdch respira\u010dn\u00edm syncyti\u00e1ln\u00edm virem. P\u0159esto\u017ee detekce \u017eivotaschopn\u00e9ho viru ve vzduchu sama o sob\u011b k potvrzen\u00ed p\u0159enosu aerosolem nesta\u010d\u00ed<\/strong>, obecn\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee se respira\u010dn\u00ed syncyti\u00e1ln\u00ed virus p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b kap\u00e9nkami, by m\u011bl b\u00fdt p\u0159ehodnocen a d\u00e1le prozkoum\u00e1n.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Rhinovirus<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eRozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 experimenty s p\u0159enosem rhinoviru mezi lidmi nevedly k \u0161iroce p\u0159ij\u00edman\u00e9mu n\u00e1zoru na zp\u016fsob p\u0159enosu<\/strong>.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eObecn\u011b se rychlost p\u0159enosu a doba expozice mezi studiemi li\u0161ily<\/strong>, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159isp\u00edvat k r\u016fzn\u00fdm cest\u00e1m p\u0159enosu, kter\u00e9 byly pozorov\u00e1ny. Doba trv\u00e1n\u00ed expozice byla proto stanovena pomoc\u00ed d\u00e1rc\u016f se z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdmi infekcemi rhinoviry. Po 200 hodin\u00e1ch expozice d\u00e1rc\u016fm do\u0161lo k p\u0159enosu u 50 % vn\u00edmav\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjemc\u016f, i kdy\u017e samotn\u00e1 cesta p\u0159enosu nebyla zkoum\u00e1na<\/strong>.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Virus ch\u0159ipky typu A<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eV\u00fdsledky o relativn\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitosti p\u0159enosu ch\u0159ipkov\u00fdch vir\u016f kap\u00e9nkami a aerosolem v\u0161ak do dne\u0161n\u00edho dne z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nepr\u016fkazn\u00e9<\/strong>, a proto existuje mnoho recenz\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se tomuto t\u00e9matu intenzivn\u011b v\u011bnuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ji\u017e v polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed byly k posouzen\u00ed cesty p\u0159enosu ch\u0159ipkov\u00e9ho viru u lid\u00ed pou\u017eity modely testov\u00e1n\u00ed imunity. Bylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no, \u017ee v\u00fdsledek onemocn\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na zp\u016fsobu inokulace a b\u00fdv\u00e1 m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f s intranaz\u00e1ln\u00ed infekc\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s inokulac\u00ed inhalac\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho se zd\u00e1lo, \u017ee onemocn\u011bn\u00ed je m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u experiment\u00e1ln\u011b infikovan\u00fdch dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f ne\u017e u jedinc\u016f infikovan\u00fdch p\u0159irozenou cestou.<\/strong> Rostouc\u00ed po\u010det studi\u00ed se zam\u011b\u0159oval na detekci a kvantifikaci ch\u0159ipkov\u00fdch vir\u016f obsa\u017een\u00fdch v kap\u00e9nk\u00e1ch a aerosolech vylu\u010dovan\u00fdch do vzduchu d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00edm, k\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00edm a ka\u0161l\u00e1n\u00edm infikovan\u00fdch jedinc\u016f. RNA viru ch\u0159ipky byla detekov\u00e1na ve vzduchu do vzd\u00e1lenosti 3,7 m od pacient\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina virov\u00e9 RNA byla obsa\u017eena v aerosolech (<5 \u03bcm). P\u0159\u00edtomnost viru v aerosolech by mohla nazna\u010dovat potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159enos vzduchem, a\u010dkoli mnoho studi\u00ed pouze kvantifikovalo mno\u017estv\u00ed virov\u00e9 RNA. N\u011bkolik studi\u00ed kvantifikovalo \u017eivotaschopn\u00fd virus, i kdy\u017e byl z\u00edsk\u00e1n pouze z men\u0161iny vzork\u016f.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Koronaviry<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eBohu\u017eel existuje jen velmi m\u00e1lo \u00fadaj\u016f, kter\u00e9 by mohly potvrdit zp\u016fsoby p\u0159enosu HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63 a HCoV-OC43.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

SARS<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eNav\u00edc byla pozorov\u00e1na souvislost s p\u0159enosem<\/strong> na zdravotnick\u00e9 pracovn\u00edky, kdy\u017e byli v t\u011bsn\u00e9 bl\u00edzkosti (< 1 m) pacienta nula, co\u017e nazna\u010duje p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd kontakt nebo p\u0159enos kap\u00e9nkami.<\/strong> Vzorky vzduchu a st\u011bry z \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch povrch\u016f v m\u00edstnosti ob\u00fdvan\u00e9 pacientem se SARS byly p\u0159i PCR testov\u00e1n\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed, a\u010dkoli z t\u011bchto vzork\u016f nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 kultivovat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd virus.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

MERS<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eO cest\u011b p\u0159enosu MERS-CoV z \u010dlov\u011bka na \u010dlov\u011bka existuje k dne\u0161n\u00edmu dni jen m\u00e1lo \u00fadaj\u016f.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Adenovirus<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIlustruj\u00ed to nap\u0159\u00edklad epidemie mezi vojensk\u00fdmi rekruty, kter\u00e9 nazna\u010dovaly \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed vzduchem.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eVe studii publikovan\u00e9 v roce 1966 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed infekce adenovirem pod\u00e1van\u00fdm ve form\u011b aerosol\u016f (0,3\u20132,5 \u03bcm) nebo kap\u00e9nek (15 \u03bcm) zdrav\u00fdm v\u011bz\u0148\u016fm vedly k infekci v\u0161ech dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f, i kdy\u017e v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 onemocn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednalo p\u0159irozenou infekci pouze ve skupin\u011b, ve kter\u00e9 byl pou\u017eit aerosol. <\/strong>B\u011bhem obdob\u00ed vojensk\u00e9ho v\u00fdcviku se postupem \u010dasu vyskytoval zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd po\u010det adenovirov\u00fdch infekc\u00ed, co\u017e korelovalo se zv\u00fd\u0161enou detekc\u00ed PCR-pozitivn\u00edch vzduchov\u00fdch filtr\u016f. Nav\u00edc byla pozorov\u00e1na korelace mezi onemocn\u011bn\u00edm a rozsahem ventilace, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ventilace m\u011bla za n\u00e1sledek m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f onemocn\u011bn\u00ed. V nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studii u vojensk\u00fdch rekrut\u016f byly pozitivn\u00ed vzorky virov\u00e9 DNA z\u00edsk\u00e1ny hlavn\u011b z pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159\u016f, sk\u0159\u00edn\u011bk a pu\u0161ek, a\u010dkoli DNA adenoviru byla detekov\u00e1na tak\u00e9 ve vzorc\u00edch vzduchu. Mezi zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm pozitivn\u00edch vzork\u016f z prost\u0159ed\u00ed a onemocn\u011bn\u00edm nebyla pozorov\u00e1na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 konzistentn\u00ed korelace.\u201c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diskuze<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u201eStudie o cest\u00e1ch p\u0159enosu respira\u010dn\u00edch vir\u016f se prov\u00e1d\u011bly od po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed. Navzdory tomu je relativn\u00ed v\u00fdznam cest p\u0159enosu respira\u010dn\u00edch vir\u016f st\u00e1le nejasn\u00fd<\/strong>, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na heterogenit\u011b mnoha faktor\u016f, jako je prost\u0159ed\u00ed (nap\u0159. teplota a vlhkost), patogen a hostitel.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eP\u0159enos mezi lidmi byl studov\u00e1n za mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdch (experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch) podm\u00ednek.<\/strong> Shrnut\u00ed v\u00fdhod a nev\u00fdhod r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f studi\u00ed zv\u00fdraz\u0148uje obt\u00ed\u017enost experiment\u016f zkoumaj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159enos mezi lidmi.<\/strong> V d\u016fsledku toho byly u mnoha vir\u016f z\u00edsk\u00e1ny protich\u016fdn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky.<\/strong> To se tak\u00e9 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v tabulce \u010d. 2, kter\u00e1 shrnuje experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed data o mezilidsk\u00e9m p\u0159enosu. Krom\u011b obt\u00ed\u017enosti prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed studi\u00ed za dob\u0159e kontrolovan\u00fdch podm\u00ednek je dal\u0161\u00edm kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem to, \u017ee u zdrav\u00fdch dosp\u011bl\u00fdch jsou \u010dasto studov\u00e1ny (atenuovan\u00e9) laboratorn\u00ed kmeny, co\u017e neodr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00e9 podm\u00ednky a c\u00edlovou skupinu, a tud\u00ed\u017e to ovliv\u0148uje v\u00fdsledek studi\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Respira\u010dn\u00ed viry jsou v\u00fdznamnou p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou nozokomi\u00e1ln\u00edch infekc\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na u d\u011bt\u00ed. Zam\u011b\u0159ili jsme se proto na sm\u011brnice pro prevenci infekc\u00ed od n\u00e1rodn\u00edch, evropsk\u00fdch, americk\u00fdch a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch organizac\u00ed, na jejich informace o cest\u00e1ch p\u0159enosu a souvisej\u00edc\u00ed pokyny pro izolaci. Term\u00edny a definice respira\u010dn\u00edch cest p\u0159enosu a pokyny pro izolaci bohu\u017eel nejsou v\u017edy pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jednotn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, co\u017e ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 prostor <\/strong>pro individu\u00e1ln\u00ed interpretaci<\/strong>.<\/strong> Ale co je d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, informace o cest\u011b p\u0159enosu ne v\u017edy odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed pokyny pro izolaci (nap\u0159. u viru parainfluenzy a rhinovir\u016f). Jako z\u00e1stupn\u00fd ukazatel pro cestu p\u0159enosu je v pokynech \u010dasto uv\u00e1d\u011bna stabilita viru, av\u0161ak to m\u016f\u017ee pouze nazna\u010dovat roli pro p\u0159enos nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm kontaktem, ale v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b to neprokazuje cestu p\u0159enosu.<\/strong> V nemocni\u010dn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed je prevence kontaktn\u00edho p\u0159enosu obecn\u011b implementov\u00e1na ve standardn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00edch pro prevenci infekc\u00ed, jako je p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1 hygiena rukou a pravidla chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i ka\u0161l\u00e1n\u00ed. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si pov\u0161imnout rozd\u00edl\u016f v pokynech pro izolaci mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi organizacemi a chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed korelace s v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi \u00fadaji. Rozd\u00edly v popsan\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch p\u0159enosu a souvisej\u00edc\u00edch pokynech pro izolaci mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi organizacemi podtrhuj\u00ed nedostatek p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00fdch \u00fadaj\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ke zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed \u00falohy cest p\u0159enosu respira\u010dn\u00edch vir\u016f mezi lidmi by mohly b\u00fdt pou\u017eity dob\u0159e navr\u017een\u00e9 infek\u010dn\u00ed studie. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee experimenty s p\u0159enosem na \u010dlov\u011bka jsou velmi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9<\/strong>, modely p\u0159enosu na zv\u00ed\u0159atech mohou poskytnout l\u00e1kavou alternativu a m\u011bly by b\u00fdt prozkoum\u00e1ny a vyvinuty pro v\u0161echny respira\u010dn\u00ed viry. V takov\u00fdch experimentech lze tak\u00e9 zkoumat vliv faktor\u016f prost\u0159ed\u00ed na cesty p\u0159enosu. P\u0159ed extrapolac\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u011b generovan\u00fdch dat na lidi je v\u0161ak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 porozum\u011bt omezen\u00edm t\u011bchto model\u016f<\/strong> a uv\u011bdomit si heterogenitu experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch nastaven\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v laborato\u0159\u00edch.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eMezera ve znalostech o mezilidsk\u00e9m p\u0159enosu by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b zapln\u011bna v\u00fdvojem a prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00edch experiment\u016f v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/strong> V kombinaci s modely p\u0159enosu na zv\u00ed\u0159atech a odb\u011brem vzork\u016f vzduchu v r\u016fzn\u00fdch (zdravotnick\u00fdch a experiment\u00e1ln\u00edch) prost\u0159ed\u00edch by tyto \u00fadaje m\u011bly v\u00e9st k d\u016fkladn\u00e9mu v\u011bdeck\u00e9mu pochopen\u00ed cest p\u0159enosu respira\u010dn\u00edch vir\u016f mezi lidmi.<\/strong> Tyto znalosti nakonec pomohou s posouzen\u00edm rizik r\u016fzn\u00fdch cest p\u0159enosu na z\u00e1klad\u011b d\u016fkaz\u016f, aby se zlep\u0161ily st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed strategie prevence infekc\u00ed.\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1879625717301773<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Sv\u011btov\u00e1 zdravotnick\u00e1 organizace v lednu 2020: \u201eP\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e1 vy\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed proveden\u00e1 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fdmi \u00fa\u0159ady nena\u0161la \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jasn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o p\u0159enosu nov\u00e9ho koronaviru (2019-nCoV), identifikovan\u00e9ho v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9m Wu-chanu, z \u010dlov\u011bka na \u010dlov\u011bka.\u201c<\/em> Jasn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o p\u0159enosu z \u010dlov\u011bka na \u010dlov\u011bka dosud st\u00e1le chyb\u00ed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

SHRNUT\u00cd:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n